How to run successful eFate studies for industrial chemicals
Environmental fate (eFate) studies are well established for crop protection chemicals and pharmaceuticals and are becoming commonplace for industrial chemicals, but what are the key considerations for setting up and running them?
As part of testing under Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) regulations, the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) commonly asks chemical manufacturers and importers to conduct environmental fate studies, operating under Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines 307, 308 and 309. These studies test the fate of specific chemicals in soil, aquatic sediment systems and surface water. Many studies also identify degradation products.
So, what do you need to consider when planning these environmental fate studies?
To start, it is vital to know the structure of the test substance and its physical and chemical properties, including its solubility and potential volatility. These characteristics influence study design and analytical approaches.
1. Optimize Radiolabeling
The best study designs will utilize a radiolabeled form of the test substance to enable traceability.
The most commonly used radiolabel is carbon-14 (C). The location of the radiolabel in the molecule is important as this determines whether the major degradation pathway can be followed. For substances of unknown or variable composition, complex reaction products or biological materials (UVCB substances), the method of radiolabeling needs careful consideration and you may wish to consult a regulatory authority to discern the best approach.
2. Select the Appropriate Analytical Methodology
In order to assess any degradation, it is necessary to start with a pure test substance; we aim for radiochemical purities of more than 95%. Analytical methods should be robust enough to separate many degradates from the test substance in a variety of media. The structure of the test substance can help to develop methods and predict possible degradation products.
While high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with radiodetectors is the routine method for separation and quantification of test substance and degradates, mass spectroscopy can provide qualitative structural information. Where test substance levels are at the lower end of a system’s detection limit, off-line quantification is utilized to enhance detectability.
3. Use Feasibility Studies to Help Increase Project Efficiency and Optimize Outcomes
To maximize time and cost efficiency, run short, downsized, non-regulated studies to assess how a test substance will behave in a test system. These preliminary results can help you refine the definitive study approach. For example, by modifying incubation conditions, optimizing sampling intervals or fine-tuning analytics. If the modifications deviate significantly from the OECD guideline, then justify your choices and demonstrate the validity of the approach within the study report.
4. Account for Everything: Mass Balance and Non-Extractable Residues
Testing is fundamental to all environmental fate studies, as it means that the total mass of your substance (in terms of applied radioactivity) is accounted for across the different compartments in your test system: soil or sediment, water and air. The test substance’s solubility and volatility can complicate these measurements, so take these into account.
Non-extractable residues (NERs) are materials bound to the solid fractions (soil or sediment) of test systems. You should demonstrate that as much as possible of any NER is extracted, but avoid treating your test system too harshly as this would not represent the environment under normal conditions.
5. Identification of Unknown Degradates May Be Important
Detection of significant (typically >10%) levels of the applied radioactivity as unknown degradates will trigger identification work with mass spectroscopic techniques such as liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Availability of non-radiolabeled reference standards of known or potential degradates is hugely valuable, allowing you to perform co-chromatography with the unknown degradate to confirm its identity.
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